The user interface of the watch is easy to understand and navigate. Raising your wrist, tapping the screen, or pressing the button on the side will wake up the display to show all the basic info. There are several watch faces that you can switch between, but they all show about the same info like the time of day, weather, battery level, number of steps, calories burned, and last heart rate. Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation is associated with significant morbidity (syncopal episodes, palpitations, precipitation of underlying heart disease) and mortality (commonly caused by stroke). The poor atrial contraction leads to hemostasis within the atria. Hemostasis favors blood clot formation (recall Virchow’s triad) typically within the left atrial appendage; where these clots can cause a thromboembolic event.

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As early as the third week of gestation, the cardiovascular system begins to develop. The primordial heart begins to take shape halfway through week three of gestation. Note that this coincides with the fact that the developing embryo is becoming more complexed and as such, can no longer be adequately supplied by simple diffusion of nutrients. At this time the heart is a continuous tube with primitive connections. Atrial enlargement refers to increase in the volume of the atria. This is always a pathological process that can affect both atria. However, it is more common for left atrial enlargement to occur than it is for the right atrium to enlarge. Any condition that increases the pressure exerted on the atria can result in atrial enlargement. Therefore, the spectrum of etiological factors that causes atrial enlargement includes (but is not limited to) septal defects, valvulopathies, and hypertension (both systemic and pulmonary). Left atrial enlargement Burns, Edward. "Left Atrial Enlargement - ECG Library LITFL". LITFL • Life In The Fast Lane Medical Blog, 2017, https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/left-atrial-enlargement/. Accessed 25 Apr 2018.

The left and right atria are separated by a fibromuscular wall known as the atrial (interatrial) septum, while the ventricles are separated by a similar structure, known as the ventricular (interventricular) septum. Additionally, each atrium is separated from the ventricle of the same side by the atrioventricular septum. However, unlike the interventricular and interatrial septa, the atrioventricular septum are fitted with valves (i.e. left and right atrioventricular valves) that allow blood to move from the upper to the lower chambers. These valves also promote a unidirectional flow of blood through the heart, as under normal circumstances, they prevent reflux of blood during ventricular contraction. The left atrium Once ventricular contraction stops and the pressure within the atria overcomes the pressure within the ventricles, the atrioventricular valves open and the blood passes into the ventricles. This passive phase of ventricular filling accounts for roughly 80% of the ventricular volume at the beginning of systole. Keep in mind also, that while the atrioventricular valves are open, blood is still draining into the atria from their respective veins.

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Cadogan, Mike. "ECG - P Wave Morphology - LITFL ECG Library". LITFL • Life In The Fast Lane Medical Blog, 2017, https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/p-wave/. Accessed 25 Apr 2018. Gatzoulis, Michael A et al. Diagnosis And Management Of Adult Congenital Heart Disease. 2nd ed., Elsevier/Saunders, 2013.

Like left atrial enlargement, right atrial enlargement will result from increased blood volume or pressure within the atrium. An increase in right atrial pressure can result from pumping against stenotic tricuspid or pulmonary valves, hypertrophied right ventricle, or transmitted pressure increases from pulmonary hypertension (secondary to chronic lung disease). An atrial septal defect with a left to right shunt can also result in an increase in transmitted pressure to the right atrium. Walker, Brian R et al. Davidson's Principles And Practice Of Medicine. 22nd ed., Elsevier Limited, 2014. Left atrial enlargement is more commonly encountered than right atrial enlargement, mainly because the causes of left atrial enlargement are more common. The causes can be divided into congenital (such as ventricular septal defects or patent ductus arteriosus) or acquired causes (such as left ventricular hypertrophy or mitral incompetence secondary to chronic hypertension, or mitral stenosis). Under normal circumstances, shortly after birth, the increase in systemic pressure relative to that of the pulmonary pressure results in an overall increase in the pressures in the left side of the heart. Since the left atrial pressure becomes greater than that in the right atrium, it forces the overlapping membranes together. By the third month of extrauterine life, the septum secundum and the valve of the foramen ovale would have fused, leaving only the fossa ovalis as a remnant.