Popescu MC, Popescu CM, Lisa G, Sakata Y (2011) Evaluation of morphological and chemical aspects of different wood species by spectroscopy and thermal methods. J Mol Struct 988:65–72

Throup, James; García Martínez, Juan B.; Bals, Bryan; Cates, Jacob; Pearce, Joshua M.; Denkenberger, David C. (2022-01-01). "Rapid repurposing of pulp and paper mills, biorefineries, and breweries for lignocellulosic sugar production in global food catastrophes". Food and Bioproducts Processing. 131: 22–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.10.012. ISSN 0960-3085. S2CID 243485968. TAPPI T 264 cm-07 (2007) Preparation of wood for chemical analysis. Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper Industry, Peachtree Corners Renewables self-consumers should not face discriminatory or disproportionate burdens or costs and should not be subject to unjustified charges. Their contribution to the achievement of the climate and energy target and the costs and benefits that they bring about in the wider energy system should be taken into account. Member States should therefore generally not apply charges to electricity produced and consumed within the same premises by renewables self-consumers. However, Member States should be allowed to apply non-discriminatory and proportionate charges to such electricity if necessary to ensure the financial sustainability of the electricity system, to limit the support to what is objectively needed and to make efficient use of their support schemes. At the same time, Member States should ensure that renewables self-consumers contribute in a balanced and adequate way to the overall cost-sharing system of producing, distributing and consuming electricity, when electricity is fed into the grid. Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified as virgin biomass, waste biomass, and energy crops. Virgin biomass includes plants. Waste biomass is produced as a low value byproduct of various industrial sectors such as agriculture ( corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, straw etc.) and forestry ( saw mill and paper mill discards). Energy crops are crops with a high yield of lignocellulosic biomass produced as a raw material for the production of second-generation biofuel; examples include switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) and Elephant grass. The biofuels generated from these energy crops are sources of sustainable energy. [7] [8] Chemical composition [ edit ] Xylan is one form of hemicellulose found in hardwood. [9]Bioéthanol: le procédé (2)Le prétraitement • Le prétraitement • aim: making cellulose available to the action of enzymes or catalysts (sometimes leads to fractionation, e.g. hemicellulose hydrolysis) • technology: physical-chemical, several competing technologies (steam explosion, diluted acid, thermohydrolysis at 200°C, ...) • constraints: energy consumption, degradation of sugars, formation of toxic compounds, continuous feeding of reactors under pressure, corrosion, dry matter concentration Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Serrada Hierro R (2008) Apuntes de selvicultura. In: Serrada Hierro R (ed) Apuntes de selvicultura universidad politécnica de madrid (in Spanish). EUI Técnica Forestal, Madrid, pp 83–131

Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel World USA Bioéthanol: le contexte (2) Vehicle Fuel demand: unbalance in favour of diesel oil ... in EU • La taille de ce cinquième niveau est étudiée pour servir éventuellement de légende aux photos. Diesel oil Mtons Gasoline Source: Petroleum Economics Ltd Une demande en essence toujours forte au niveau mondial Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Moreover, the band 1660 cm −1 showed the biggest change along the altitudinal gradient, increasing mostly at the lower end (3000 masl) and decreasing at 3200 and 3100 masl. Also, the PC3 of the FTIR spectra consisted of the bands 1735 and 1660 cm −1 described above. It also differed significantly, decreasing mostly toward 3200 masl, which suggests that the carbonyl functional groups vary along the altitudinal gradient possibly by environmental conditions from this altitudinal level, and these functional groups are, in turn, within hemicellulose and lignin polymers. The variations in carbonyl groups related with hemicelluloses and lignin found by the FTIR spectroscopic analysis using PCA agree with the findings in the analysis of fibers, and partly with our hypothesis. a b Haq, Izharul; Mazumder, Payal; Kalamdhad, Ajay S. (2020-09-01). "Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications – A review". Bioresource Technology. 312: 123636. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 32527619. S2CID 219607347. To create opportunities for reducing the cost of meeting the Union target laid down in this Directive and to give flexibility to Member States to comply with their obligation not to fall below their 2020 national targets after 2020, it is appropriate both to facilitate the consumption in Member States of energy produced from renewable sources in other Member States, and to enable Member States to count energy from renewable sources consumed in other Member States towards their own renewable energy share. For that reason, the Commission should put in place a Union renewable development platform (‘URDP’), enabling trading renewable energy shares between Member States, in addition to bilateral cooperation agreements. The URDP is intended to complement the voluntary opening of support schemes to projects located in other Member States. The agreements between Member States include statistical transfers, joint projects between Member States or joint support schemes.

The collection of wood samples from Abies religiosa trees was carried out along a 500-m-long AG in August 2014. The gradient was divided into six altitudinal levels with a distance of 100 m from each other (3500, 3400, 3300, 3200, 3100 and 3000 masl). At each of these levels, wood samples from six trees were collected at a trunk height of 1.3 m. A total of 36 trees were sampled. Emmanuel V, Odile B, Céline R (2015) FTIR spectroscopy of woods: a new approach to study the weathering of the carving face of a sculpture. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 136:1255–1259 The Commission should facilitate the exchange of best practices between the competent national or regional authorities or bodies, for instance through regular meetings, to find a common approach to promote a higher uptake of cost-efficient renewable energy projects. The Commission should also encourage investments in new, flexible and clean technologies, and establish an adequate strategy to manage the retirement of technologies which do not contribute to the reduction of emissions or deliver sufficient flexibility, based on transparent criteria and reliable market price signals. E. Palmqvist; B. Hahn-Hagerdal (2000). "Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and Mechanisms of Inhibition". Bioresour. Technol. 74: 25-33. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00161-3. The promotion of recycled carbon fuels can contribute towards the policy objectives of energy diversification and decarbonisation of the transport sector where they fulfil the appropriate minimum greenhouse gas emissions savings threshold. It is therefore appropriate to include those fuels in the obligation on fuel supplier, whilst giving Member States the option not to consider those fuels in the obligation if they do not wish to do so. Since those fuels are not renewable, they should not be counted towards the overall Union target for energy from renewable sources.

U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (June 2006). "Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Report from the December 2005 Workshop" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07 . Retrieved 2008-01-19. Bioéthanol : le contexte (5) La biomasse lignocellulosique : une matière première de composition variable Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008

Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 7), Directives 2001/77/EC ( 8) and 2003/30/EC ( 9) of the European Parliament and of the Council, and Directive 2009/28/EC established definitions for different types of energy from renewable sources. Union law on the internal market for energy establishes definitions for the electricity sector in general. In the interests of clarity and legal certainty it is appropriate to apply those definitions in this Directive.

Directive 2012/27/EU provides for guarantees of origin for proving the origin of electricity produced from high-efficiency cogeneration plants. However, no use is specified for such guarantees of origin, so their use may also be enabled when disclosing the use of energy from high-efficiency cogeneration. When Member States undertake joint projects with one or more third countries regarding the production of renewable electricity, it is appropriate that those joint projects relate only to newly constructed installations or to installations with newly increased capacity. This will help ensure that the proportion of energy from renewable sources in the third country's total energy consumption is not reduced due to the importation of energy from renewable sources into the Union. Grubb PJ (2015) Trade-offs in interspecific comparisons in plant ecology and how plants overcome proposed constraints. Plant Ecol Divers 0874:1–31 Santoni I, Callone E, Sandak A, Sandak J, Dirè S (2015) Solid state NMR and IR characterization of wood polymer structure in relation to tree provenance. Carbohydr Polym 117:710–721 Hoch G, Körner C (2012) Global patterns of mobile carbon stores in trees at the high-elevation tree line. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21:861–871

The 36 wood samples were subjected to a spectroscopic analysis ATR-FTIR. A Frontier spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer) equipped with an external module for ATR was used, as per the following procedure: 32 scanning operations per each sample; spectral resolution of 4 cm −1, and wavenumber rank of 4000–400 cm −1. For instrumental control and data processing, Spectrum and Spekwin32 softwares were used. Measurements were carried out on all previously homogenized wood samples of A. religiosa, taking 0.03 g of dry base of similar particle size (less 60 mesh, 0.274 mm) from each of them. Samples were spread over the entire area of the diamond lens of the ATR, and a similar pressure was used on each measurement (80 %). For quantitative comparison of the absorbance intensity of each band, the spectrum magnitude was normalized with respect to the value of the band with the most intensity (1027 cm −1) [ 36]. Six spectra were obtained from each altitudinal level. However, to save time and resources, only one sample measurement was used for each tree, as the variation of the same tree sample was found to be negligible in comparison to that between different trees.