a b c d e Conrad, L.I. (July 1996). "The Arabs and the Colossus". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 165–187. doi: 10.1017/S1356186300007173. JSTOR 25183179. S2CID 163298319. Rojas, R.; Hashagen, U. (2000), The First Computers: History and Architectures, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-18197-5 – Comparison of the first computers, with a chapter about Colossus and its reconstruction by Tony Sale.

The remains were described briefly by Strabo (64 or 63BC – c. 24AD), in his work Geography (Book XIV, Chapter 2.5). Strabo was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Latest Cipher Challenge News 16.11.2007". TNMoC - Cipher Challenge!. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008.Months after leaving the X-Men to live a peaceful life in Russia, Colossus was convinced by his sister Illyana to rejoin the team and help them with the mutant refugees in X-Haven in light of the M-Pox breakout. [106]

Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 [1] to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus is thus regarded [2] as the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer, although it was programmed by switches and plugs and not by a stored program. [3] a b Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11A Fish Machines, (c) The German Ciphered Teleprinter, p. 4. Twelve thyratron ring stores that simulated the Lorenz machine generating a bit-stream for each wheel. Chandler, W. W. (1983), "The Installation and Maintenance of Colossus", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 260–262, doi: 10.1109/MAHC.1983.10083, S2CID 15674470

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They then battled the Hellfire Club Knights and the White Queen, where Piotr first met Kitty Pryde. Piotr began a close friendship with Wolverine and Nightcrawler as well as Storm, whom would come to affectionately call him "Little Brother". Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500 Colossus eventually re-joined the X-Men at the Jean Grey School and helped them with the fight against the Wendigo plague in Canada. [100]

Self Sustenance: The Juggernaut is completely self-sustained. He has no need to breathe, eat, or drink and cannot tire, hence he does not need sleep. However, his self-generating mystical energies provides him with the nourishment of sleep, nutrition, hydration, and oxygen. He is sustained by his mystical energies alone. [92]

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Later, the six-year-old Illyana was kidnapped by Belasco and the X-Men followed to Limbo where they rescued her. Due to the odd temporal nature of Limbo, Illyana would spend years there in captivity while only days would pass for the X-Men. As a result, Illyana was 13 when they finally managed to rescue her. As a side-effect, an alternate timeline version of Colossus dies in Limbo. [20] Colossus was designed by General Post Office (GPO) research telephone engineer Tommy Flowers [1] to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. Alan Turing's use of probability in cryptanalysis (see Banburismus) contributed to its design. It has sometimes been erroneously stated that Turing designed Colossus to aid the cryptanalysis of the Enigma. [4] (Turing's machine that helped decode Enigma was the electromechanical Bombe, not Colossus.) [5] Enever, Ted (1999), Britain's Best Kept Secret: Ultra's Base at Bletchley Park (3rded.), Sutton Publishing, Gloucestershire, ISBN 978-0-7509-2355-2