Today, cell culture media can be divided in different types based on their content of animal-derived products. Serum-free media (SFM) do not require the addition of serum for optimal cell growth but may contain other additives derived from animals such as lactalbumin, casein, insulin, lipids or sterols [ 12]. Animal-component-free media (ACFM) are media in which none of the components are animal-derived [ 11]. Protein-free media (PFM) are free of supplemental polypeptide factors but may contain hydrolyzed peptide fragments from animal or plant sources. Finally, chemically defined media (CDM) comprise well-characterized constituents of low molecular weight and are, in most cases, free of proteins [ 11, 12]. BHK21 cells have already been adapted to grow in serum-free or animal-component-free cell media for rabies vaccine production [ 13, 14]. With adaption to serum-free conditions, BHK21 cells switch from anchorage-dependent to suspension growth [ 13, 14] and fundamental changes in cell structure take place [ 15, 16]. On the other hand, selective pressures during the adaption of viral strains to BHK21 cells, whether as adherent or as suspension cells, can lead to capsid alterations that influence the antigenicity and stability of the virus particle.

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Originally from Peru, the potato has become a staple crop worldwide. [219] The potato virus Y causes disease in potatoes and related species including tomatoes and peppers. In the 1980s, this virus acquired economical importance when it proved difficult to control in seed potato crops. Transmitted by aphids, this virus can reduce crop yields by up to 80 per cent, causing significant losses to potato yields. [220] Margolis TP, Elfman FL, Leib D, Pakpour N, Apakupakul K, Imai Y, Voytek C (October 2007). "Spontaneous reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in latently infected murine sensory ganglia". Journal of Virology. 81 (20): 11069–74. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00243-07. PMC 2045564. PMID 17686862.

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