Carey, John (1989). "Ireland and the Antipodes: The Heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg". Speculum. 64 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.2307/2852184. JSTOR 2852184. S2CID 162378383. In the end that is the core malfunction of the flat-earthers, and the modern populist rejection of expertise in general. It is a horrifically simplistic view of the world that ignores (partly out of ignorance, and partly out of motivated reasoning) to[ sic] real complexities of our civilisation. It is ultimately lazy, childish, and self-indulgent, resulting in a profound level of ignorance drowning in motivated reasoning. [85] Further information: Spherical Earth and History of geodesy Greece: spherical Earth Semi-circular shadow of Earth on the Moon during a partial lunar eclipse She said all conspiracy theories share a basic thrust: They present an alternative theory about an important issue or event, and construct an (often) vague explanation for why someone is covering up that "true" version of events. "One of the major points of appeal is that they explain a big event but often without going into details," she said. "A lot of the power lies in the fact that they are vague." Moretti, Gabriella (1993). The Other World and the 'Antipodes'. The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2

Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1905]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York, NY: Dover Publications. pp. 20, 37–38. ISBN 978-0-486-60079-6. BEPPE GRILLO: "VADO AL CONGRESSO DEI TERRAPIATTISTI" "[BEPPE GRILLO: "I'LL PARTICIPATE FLAT EARTH CONFERENCE"]. digitale.it (in Italian). 29 April 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019. And Jafnhárr said: "Of the blood, which ran and welled forth freely out of his wounds, they made the sea, when they had formed and made firm the Earth together, and laid the sea in a ring round. about her; and it may well seem a hard thing to most men to cross over it."In the Vedic texts, Dyaus (heaven) and Prithvi (Earth) are compared to wheels on an axle, yielding a flat model. They are also described as bowls or leather bags, yielding a concave model. [69] According to Macdonell: "the conception of the Earth being a disc surrounded by an ocean does not appear in the Samhitas. But it was naturally regarded as circular, being compared with a wheel (10.89) and expressly called circular (parimandala) in the Shatapatha Brahmana." [70] With the end of the Western Roman Empire, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages with great difficulties that affected the continent's intellectual production. Most scientific treatises of classical antiquity (in Greek) were unavailable, leaving only simplified summaries and compilations. In contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire did not fall, and it preserved the learning. [90] Still, many textbooks of the Early Middle Ages supported the sphericity of the Earth in the western part of Europe. [91] 12th-century T and O map representing the inhabited world as described by Isidore of Seville in his Etymologiae (chapter 14, de terra et partibus) Nazé, Yaël (2018). "A Doctoral Dissertation on a Geocentric Flat Earth: 'Zetetic' Astronomy at the University Level". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (3): 12–14. Severian, Bishop of Gabala ( d. 408), wrote that the Earth is flat and the Sun does not pass under it in the night, but "travels through the northern parts as if hidden by a wall". [88] Basil of Caesarea (329–379) argued that the matter was theologically irrelevant. [89] Europe: Early Middle Ages

Edward Hendrie (2018). The Greatest Lie on Earth (Expanded Edition): Proof That Our World Is Not a Moving Globe (10th Expandeded.). Great Mountain Publishing (self-published brand). ISBN 978-1943056057. Christian basis. In early Egyptian [11] and Mesopotamian thought, the world was portrayed as a disk floating in the ocean. A similar model is found in the Homeric account from the 8th century BC in which "Okeanos, the personified body of water surrounding the circular surface of the Earth, is the begetter of all life and possibly of all gods." [12] Further information: Spherical Earth §Medieval Europe Picture from a 1550 edition of On the Sphere of the World, the most influential astronomy textbook of 13th-century Europe This poetic tradition of an Earth-encircling ( gaiaokhos) sea ( Oceanus) and a disc also appears in Stasinus of Cyprus, [22] Mimnermus, [23] Aeschylus, [24] and Apollonius Rhodius. [25] Alexander, Julia (22 March 2019). "Logan Paul's satirical flat Earth doc gets to the heart of YouTube's recommendation issue". The Verge . Retrieved 1 July 2019.J. L. E. Dreyer, A History of Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler. (1906); unabridged republication as A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, 1953). The second faction believes in an overarching conspiracy for knowledge suppression. Building upon the premise that knowledge is power, the flat Earth conspiracy argues that a shadowy group of "elites" control knowledge to remain in power. In their view, lying about the fundamental nature of the Earth primes the population to believe a host of other conspiracies. This faction frames flat-Earth arguments as liberatory. [89] The question of belief and sincerity is one that comes up a lot," Wilmore said. "If I had to guess, I would probably say that at least some of our members see the Flat Earth Society and Flat Earth Theory as a kind of epistemological exercise, whether as a critique of the scientific method or as a kind of 'solipsism for beginners.' There are also probably some who thought the certificate would be kind of funny to have on their wall. That being said, I know many members personally, and I am fully convinced of their belief."