Flags of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Colours, Standards and Guidons of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia: v. 2 (Men-at-Arms)

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Flags of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Colours, Standards and Guidons of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia: v. 2 (Men-at-Arms)

Flags of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Colours, Standards and Guidons of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia: v. 2 (Men-at-Arms)

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The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centred around Pius VII renewing the theocratic affirmations of Pope Gregory VII. The emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the Marches, and by the entry of General Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis into Rome; while General Jean-Andoche Junot invaded Portugal, Marshal Murat took control of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after, Napoleon had his brother, Joseph, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to take control. Colton, Joel; Palmer, R.R. (1992). A History of the Modern World. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-040826-2. A series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments, a population over 44 million people, ruled over 90 million subjects throughout Europe and in the overseas colonies, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Poland, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. [5] Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places except Poland. [11] France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration. On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français, pronounced [ɑ̃.pʁœʁ de fʁɑ̃.sɛ]) by the French Sénat conservateur and was crowned on 2 December 1804, [8] signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic. Despite his coronation, the state continued to be formally called the "French Republic" until October 1808. The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, and allied states, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. [9] French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807, [10] before Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

More specifically, Alexander agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the Russo-Turkish War. The Ionian Islands and Cattaro, which had been captured by Russian admirals Fyodor Ushakov and Dmitry Senyavin, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the Duchy of Oldenburg and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives.

USING THE PRINTED FLAGS

The flag of the Cispadane Republic was in horizontal bands with the top red, the white in the centre and the green at the bottom. In the centre was also the emblem of the republic, while on the sides the letters "R" and "C" were shown, the initials of the two words that form the name of the " Repubblica Cispadana". [27] The coat of arms of the Cispadane Republic contained a quiver with four arrows that symbolized the four cities of the Cispadan congress. [45]

In 1813 a new pattern flag was produced, however the 1800 and 1803 pattern flags continued in use and few of the new pattern appear to have been issued. Regiments known to have received the new pattern flags were: Pernov, Kaluga, Okhotsk, Kamchatka, Riazski and Tambov. Only coloured flags were issued to these regiments and these all had green crosses with white corners and were colours of St George. From August 1814 the white flags were abolished and the regiments were to have only one coloured flag per battalion. It is unlikely that this directive had been completely complied with by the end of the Napoleonic period. The final choice of a green, white and red flag was not without a prior discussion. Instead of the green, the Italian Jacobins favoured the blue of the French flag, while the members of the papacy preferred the yellow of the Papal States' banner. Regarding the white and red, there were no disputes. [24] Finally, the discussion on the third colour focused on green, which was later approved as a compromise solution. [24] The choice of green was most probably inspired by the tricolour green, white and red military flag of the Lombard Legion, the first Italian military department to equip itself, as a banner, with an Italian tricolour flag. [19] Bologna, Ferrara, Modena e Reggio costituiscono una Repubblica una e indivisibile per tutti i rapporti, dimodoché le quattro popolazioni non formino che un popolo solo, una sola famiglia, per tutti gli effetti, tanto passati, quanto futuri, niuno eccettuato [...] The congress also deliberated the constitution of an Italian Legion, later renamed Cispadane Legion, [32] which was to participate together with France in a war against the Austrians. The military banner of this military unit, which consisted of five cohorts of six hundred soldiers each, was composed of a red, white and green tricolour, probably inspired by the similar decision of the Lombard Legion: [19] [20] [17]Jaegers regiments wore the same uniform, but in a lighter shade of green. The collar, cuffs and lapels were also light green, but piped red. The shoulder straps were in the divisional colour, so that the second regiment was pink. The pompoms were coloured by with the center in the divisional colour. The battalion colours were 1 st – white, 2 nd – yellow and 3 rd – red. Decree of adoption of the tricolour flag by the Cispadane Republic The 18th century Sala del Tricolore, which later became the council chamber of the municipality of Reggio Emilia, where the Italian flag was born Broers, Michael; etal., eds. (2012). The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture. ISBN 978-0230241312. la bandiera della Repubblica Italiana è formata da] un quadrato a fondo rosso, in cui è inserito un rombo a fondo bianco, contenente un altro quadrato a fondo verde [...]



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